Study and learning term is a term which has a
strong relevance. Study is a process of change behavior as the result of
interaction between individual with environment to fulfill their life need. Learning
is an activity which done to create atmosphere or give service which make
students study. As a teacher, we must understand the process getting knowledge,
so we can get exact learning strategy for students.
Theory is a set of ideas which related each
other and help to explain the data, and make prediction (Santrock, 1995). When
study about knowledge, theory as a case which absolute which must study first
to explain that case. The aim is that knowledge has strong base to be apply in
real life.
As a teacher in the future we need
educational theories, as something that guides, explains, or describes
educational practice. Educational theory is a set of general statement that
used to explain reality of study. The advantages of educational theory are for:
help teacher understanding how student learning, see across teacher to design
and planned their learning process, guide teacher to manage the class, help
teacher to evaluate the process, help process more effective, efficient, and
productive, and also help teacher to give support to their students to achieve
maximum achievement. It is same the application of the nature of student learn
mathematics.
Constructivism is one of the educational
theories. It is show that knowledge is constructed and the learner is an active
creator. The definition of this theory is a philosophy of learning that founded
on the premise that, by reflecting on our experiences, we construct our own
understanding of the world we live in. We use rules and mental models to make
sense of our experiences. The guiding principles of constructivism consist of
learning is a search for meaning, meaning requires understanding wholes as well
as parts, we must understand the mental models that students use assumptions
they make to support those models, and the purpose of learning is for an
individual to construct their own meaning answers and meaning.
1.
Jean
Piaget (1896-1980)
Based on Piaget, in learning the students
must experience by themselves and direct belong in realistic with object that
learning. Learning must be active and social. He told that cognitive as a
composite from adulthood of brain and nerve system, also adaptation in our
environment.
He used five terms to describe the dynamics
of cognitive:
a.
Scheme:
show mental structure, thinking pattern which people use to overcome condition
in environment. Example: baby look thing which they want, then the learning to
catch what they look. They make exact scheme with the situation.
b.
Adaptation:
process to adjust thinking with insert new information into individual
thinking. Piaget (in Rice, 2002) said that children adapt with two ways, they
are assimilation and accommodation.
c.
Assimilation
means getting new information and inserts it into nowadays scheme in response
new environment stimulus.
d.
Accommodation
consist of adjust new information with create new scheme when old scheme was
not success. Example: when children watch dog for the first time
(assimilation), but they learn that some dog was safety to keep and others dog
not (accommodation). When children get a lot of information, they arrange their
understanding about different world.
e.
Equilibration
defined as compensation to external interruption. Intellectual development
become progression which always movement from one structural unbalanced to new
higher structure balanced.
Piaget explains four stadiums of individual
thinking (that related each other):
1)
Sensorimotor
(birth – 18 months): study with feeling, study with reflex, and substance
manipulation.
2)
Preoperational
(18 months – 6 years): ideas based on their perception, just focused on a
variable in a time, and generalize based on definite experience.
3)
Concrete
operational (6 years – 12 years): ideas based on thinking, thinking bounded at
things and chummy event.
4)
Formal
operational (12 years or more): conceptual thinking and hypothesis thinking.
2.
Lev
Vygotsky (1896-1934).
Learning and development are two cases that
related each other from the first day of human life. Learning is cognitive
development and social interaction which fulfill each other. Social
interaction is learned by students through adult people in their around, so
teacher as a guide of the students activity and also make students be
independent working. Children world built from family,
socio-economy status, education, and their understanding about this world.
Everyday, they develop language ability and catch new concepts when they were
talking and hearing each other. The most important from Vygotsky is about
understanding the interaction between teacher and student’s friend in
developing student’s knowledge.
Important concept from Vygotsky is Zone of Proximal
Development (ZPD). He defines the area where students can learn helped by
competent people. Scaffolding as knowledge frame which prepared when ripeness
time coming. It means by giving an important ability to children
to solve the problems independently like discussion with their friends,
practice directly, and giving motivation. The combination from children teaching and respect children development
can optimized the learning.
Constructivism
impacts learning:
-
Curriculum: customized to the students’
prior knowledge and hands-on problem solving.
-
Instruction: educators focus on making
connections between facts and develop the new understanding.
-
Assessment: becomes a part of the
learning process so that students play a larger role in judging their own
progress.
The teacher must careful when take messages
in educational theories on learning situation to apply it for their students,
so the teaching-learning can efficient and effective.
Resources:
____.Educational Theories.(online).
http://crescentok.com/staff/jaskew/isr/education/theories.htm accessed on April 14th 2012 at
09.57 Am.
Izzaty, Rita Eka, dkk. (2008). Perkembangan
Peserta Didik. Yogyakarta: UNY Press
Sugihartono, dkk. (2007). Psikologi
Pendidikan. Yogyakarta: UNY Press
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